Fan Sheng Zhi: Gu Bo of real-world life

Son of a pan of water, "Tian Sanfu taught

Dynasties Fan Sheng Zhi Han flashing people. Historians found Pan where the water treatment now Shandong Cao County North. Pan of water is a river in Qin and Han, long submerged. Test, it's jishui in the jiyang depression of a tributary, now West Shandong Cao Zhuang Zhaizhen, hanjizhen and Shen Xiang, Qing gang set North Township, flows to dingtao, integrate with the main ingredients for water.

Li Tao Yuan in the water and recorded by JI-water injection: "Pan-XI JI du, Yin county South of Northeast economy", "Pan-water East, suitable for Holland water." Old Cao Zhi contained "flashing in the North 40". Northern and Southern dynasties, JI Shen Xiang Yin county where this Cao Fei (Pan) Zhuang Zhai village north. Pan wins the youth activities in this area.

Pan Sheng ancestors last name whenever, after the Zhou Huan Wang Qingshi fanbo, Hui County in Henan province. Late warring States, Qin moved in pan of water, to avoid, so the surname pan. About his year of birth, know that the main activity only in the second half of the First century BC. Its track is also vague, only on the basis of the Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi book, Yu Chengdi is known for negotiation when lang, knows farming, has three auxiliary areas (now the Guanzhong plain of Shaanxi Province) to guide agricultural production and harvest in the region, some people take the initiative to ask him like agricultural production.

Pan WINS in Changan before, well known in his hometown of farming. He advanced agricultural technology spread along the lower Yellow River middle reaches of the Yellow River, in order to promote the Chinese nation has contributed significantly to the improvement of the level of agricultural production.

Agricultural production in the lower reaches of the Yellow River began earlier. 16th century BC, slaves-turned-Yi yin, assist tribal leaders into the soup, the eradication of the brutal and immoral of the Xia Jie, established uniform of the Shang dynasty in Bo. At that time, farmers here will not only grow grain, and dig wells to combat drought. "Dry soup, Yi Yin parishioners arriving for shaft sinking, and irrigation fields, this is Gao is also".

During the Shang and Zhou, Bo is in the vicinity of agricultural production technology leading the nation and the world. According to ancient documents and related Oracle bones unearthed in the Yin ruins in Anyang, and knew quite a lot when people have knowledge of water conservancy and irrigation. Oracle's "Qing" words, like drilling for irrigation. The Analects Tabor contained "Yu raised." • Yin Chronicles recorded by the historian Sima Qian's deceased leases, Hades to help Yu's water power. Yugong is talk of water. Businessman who's not only flood control and irrigation, and fertilizer.

First century BC, Pan WINS as mandated in the Guanzhong plain to guide agricultural production, hence his hometown--the old Bo along the spread of advanced agricultural technology to the middle.

In the early Western Han dynasty, rare species of wheat in Guanzhong area of customs. Hanshu, food records of Dong Zhongshu's letter said: "the bad wheat planting area of Guanzhong. "When the Emperor, the expanded cultivation of wheat in Guanzhong, Emperor Wu had ordered" minyi kinds of wheat in Guanzhong area ". Then pan WINS as "Tian Sanfu taught" to actively promote the cultivation technology of winter wheat. Significantly improve the status of wheat, as well as the Pan winning book called "where the field has six, led by wheat". Jin Shu food highly on this: "Han task light Messenger Pan WINS as Governor three auxiliary wheat planting and Guanzhong he rang. ” "Chinese books have several, Pan won for"

In the Guanzhong region, folk still circulating Fan Sheng Zhi huzi legend. Huzi was an important cash crop, but it is not drought and waterlogging, production has not been high. Pan WINS as we heard of a farmer was huzi expert, visit, made friends with the farmer. He carefully observe the farmer's kind of bottle gourd and repeating experiments, explored huzi new kinds of law.

Pan WINS as huzi various tablets together, such as seed germination, stem grows to a certain length, the stems into ropes twisted together with the tiniest living. A few days later, several long stems firmly together. He is one of the most robust stems and leaves, the rest of the pinched off. In this way, more of the roots to absorb water and nutrients from the soil, and only for a single stem, stem bears huzi is particularly large. Harvest season, farmers grow large as Pan WINS teaching huzi, extremely happy.

In the fragmentary historical records, Pan Sheng Wei Wei of the recognition of an anon: "Wei Weiqian silkworm method, this agricultural method. Neglected civil people, Wei Wei懃, loyal love. "He spread advanced agricultural technology, agricultural production increased to" faithful man "height.

Summarizing the experience of the Pan WINS, coupled with his three auxiliary fields of practice of teaching, wrote book of the Pan WINS, 18. This is the first complete set of agricultural science books, is also the world's first agricultural scientific works. Not only had a guiding and promoting role in agricultural production, agricultural production is of great reference value for the future.

18 articles of the Pan WINS book of great influence in the Han dynasty, Han Zheng Xuan's note by the repeated references to its contents. The book not only provides general principles and specific farming techniques of farming, also cited the more than 10 types of crops cultivation method, laying the General introduction of Chinese traditional agricultural crop cultivation and on the basis of, and his writing style has become an important model of comprehensive agricultural books in traditional Chinese. From Qi min Yao Shu to the book of the nung, Wang Chen-HO, then to the agricultural and the book, the timing has been true of the General. Tanggugongyan Zhou Shu also said: "the Chinese books has several, on the Pan win for. ”

In practice and in the books, Pan WINS as implementing the "Gu Bo of real-world" mentality. He said: "Shennong taught, although Cheng Tang Chi, with millions, without grain, could keep Alex. Gu Bo of real-world life. "He believes that food is the key to winning the war, praised by such claims against famine thought for future generations.

The present work's origins can be traced back to ancient times, people cultivated crops solve the food and clothing at the same time, also wants to use food storage to address winter famine. Li Li in the early Warring States period made farming "mixed five to prepare for disasters" proposition, Mencius "years of life full, bad year deaths" as political ideals and enriching destination.

Pan WINS as clear on the basis of the present work, also designed the present work programme, as a household preparedness disaster management policy. Pan WINS as the soybean as against famine crops, require household according to population size to determine soybean acreage, with five acres per person. He also believed that can tolerate drought and flood of Barnyard grass, is easy to grow crops that can also be used for the present work.

In ancient times, drought is a major cause of poor harvests, farmers go bankrupt, Pan sheng's soybean and barnyardgrass against famine crops can, to a certain extent to ensure that the agricultural production. Pan WINS of book summary has more than 2000 years Qian China in Guanzhong area and Yellow River middle and lower reaches of area of agricultural production experience, proposed has "interest Shi" "and soil" "works manure" "works Ze" "early hoe" "early was" captured agricultural harvest of six items farming total principles, will spring warring States yilai formed of traditional agricultural technology upgrade to has a new of height, and for Wei Jin yihou Agronomy of development lay has based. Agricultural harvest 12-character formula

To agricultural harvest, Pan wins the dismantling of the different steps one by one, and give suggestions. Choices for farming, he think fit, not too early and not too late, "early insect species and section, late type ears are small and few." Winter wheat planting too early is vulnerable to pests, wheat due to high temperature jointing, cold reduced ability; sowing before late winter wheat in insufficient growth vulnerable to frost damage, caused spikes small size led to less production.

Time when selected, "and" into the heart of agricultural production, namely the use of no-till, hoe, flat, Lin Jian and other methods to remove clods, "strong and weak", "weak and strong" close to keep the soil loose. Spring air began to clear and coherent, suitable for plowing hard heilu soil, clods of soil ground after plowing. After such repeated hard heilu soil became loose and soft. Apricot blooming season, light arable soil and weak soil, with a heavy crackdown after plowing or cattle trampling, overly loose and weak soil light soil becomes weaker.

Land energy limited, and "shit", by applying fertilizer to improve land productivity. The Pan WINS book of records the basic fertilizer, and seed fertilizer and topdressing three fertilization methods. Seed fertilizer and manure applied to crops sown or before, and fertilizer during crop growth, to maintain soil fertility of supply. Top dressing usually compare the efficacy of silkworm vector or composted human feces and urine. At that time, people had know fresh manure retting matured would only be appropriate to the application. "Ripe manure," this book is the earliest source is.

Water is the lifeblood of agriculture. Pan-one step winning, the "Ze", not only to ensure there is water, note also that the number of irrigation and water consumption. He is mentioned in the book of the Pan won two irrigation methods: water temperature regulation method and subsurface drip irrigation method.

Irrigation can adjust the temperature of the process, such as growing rice "began growing rice for wet, wet short of Cheng, watercourse; too hot after the summer solstice, and waterways." Early growth in rice, rice water outlet and inlet arrangements in the same side of the field, the water in the rice field side straight across. This whole field of water flow is small, so as to maintain the original temperature of the water. Hot weather after summer solstice, not conducive to the growth and development of rice water temperature is too high, water outlet and inlet can be staggered, so that flow diagonally across the field, which reduces the temperature of paddy field. In addition, Pan sheng also suggested that when using cooler water irrigation, you can take the water temperature in the Sun, avoid low temperature affect plant growth.

Underground irrigation method is mainly used for melon, method is a volume as three jars buried in the middle of four melon seedling, urns and parallel to the ground, urn filled with water, then use tile to cover jar, the water reduces the increase to keep the URN in water. This approach through the urn of osmosis, the water supply of the crop could be even, to reduce evaporation, improve water use efficiency, underground irrigation method especially suitable for dry North.

800 qinchuan lush in summer, the crops are thriving, while the Pan WINS as people are encouraged to lower "early hoes." Inert, its power 10 times times, "early hoes", then beets, Frost, soil moisture, yield. A case study of wheat, wheat yellow then the space key, seedling spade should be diluted. After autumn hoe, Palou backwater in the soil on the roots of wheat, with insulation from freezing. Seedling green to weeding, elm tree pods also have to hoe. Wheat weeding after three or four times, and would increase production.

Busy all the year round it down, farmers, waiting half a year later, usher in the harvest. Pan Sheng reminded farmers to "early". He noted that soybeans in "black pod and stem pale" when the harvest, until beans fall, would suffer losses millet in the "mount Huang" never hesitate to harvest; hemp (female plants of cannabis) and Hu at the time of the first Frost is about to harvest, hemp (male plants of cannabis) in pollen release such as ash pulled on the ear.

"Field method" mystery of high yield Pan win know that seeds of "Qiang Ziliang, mother and children." In the area of selection, the first time he raised wheat, millet ear selection purity law. On how to preserve a good seed, moisture, heat, insects have very specific record. Seed treatment, "Sou seed method" section.

introduce seeds to glue a layer of effective fertilizer, juice mixed with Chinese traditional medicine, disinfection and pest control, which will increase the germination rate, increase the ability of seedling resistance to pests and diseases. These highlights advances in agricultural technology.

Pests and diseases are always with the planting of crops, people attach great importance to. Their way: one is artificial, the Pan won book of "collection kind of article" contained "no white fish, Noir Yang Zhi". Emperor ping County beginning two years drought "plague Angel hunt locust, locust catcher approached the collector, Shi Dou".

In order to prevent Frost, WINS as a generic method is introduced: a longer Suo Xiang to pull two people, swaying back and forth, preventing Frost and dew fell on crops. "The days of frost under ruobailu, when dawn, make two long cables, each holding one end, to bluegrass, Frost and dew, sunrise. So, corn grain does not hurt. ”

Pan sheng also stressed the master farming season, using the laws of nature. In the winter, using snow to control pests, "winter rain and snow, struggled to rush, to snow cover, do not cause the wind to fly to, after the snow, and Lin Zhi, lichun Bao Ze, freezing and insects die, Yi Jia in the coming year." Control method of diversity, people of the Western Han dynasty reflected in Guanzhong region in the fight against diseases, insects, harm already has a high level.

In addition, the book has on the grafting method, mulberry seedling cutting dry, multiple cropping, crop rotation, mixed cropping, as well as how to capture Hulu, such as high-yielding account.

The Western Han dynasty, Howe powerful erode without causing annoyance, a large number of displaced persons arriving.

To solve the food problem, Pan Sheng concluded a new method to improve the yield of per unit area--"field method". He divides the field method for wide area and small square law class. In this way, can be adapted to local conditions to take different kinds of law, has a strong adaptability. Method of pitting field is the biggest feature is the pooling of human and material resources, in a small area of land for intensive and maximizing the potential of the land, for the purpose of production.

Pan-Sheng said in the book, Ueda "an acre of Bai Hu, often receive", he "received Su 51 stone" in the fields "a 28 stone." History of agriculture researcher Wu Hui had to conduct a projected, "Bai Hu, Mu received" converted into Jin, Su 3904 Jin, MAK 4193 Jin. Such high yield, based on current agricultural science and technology are difficult to reach, let alone in the Western Han dynasty 2000 years ago, and so far a mystery. Han, Jin and Yuan dynasty, the Government has used administrative order, implemented in some areas "field method", also has a small area of ancient agriculture trials, but did not achieve the Pan's recorded high yield. Wei Xi Yanzhou stabbed shiliurenzhi in the House after Tianqi, "try to field yield millet 36 stone", arrive at Nakata remember Pan's level.

Pan WINS in his later years, when Wang Mang's political chaos, Zhongyuan restless but prosperous peace in the Hexi corridor, some families refuge West. Pan-Pan series WINS as a son, and then to Dunhuang taishou. Pan win with his son settled in Dunhuang. Later multiply, Pan's gradually become a big family.